Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A 3-D DDA damage analysis of brick masonry buildings under the impact of boulders in mountainous areas

  • Published:
Journal of Mountain Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In mountainous areas, geological disasters carrying large boulders can cause severe damage to the widely used masonry buildings due to the high impact forces. To better understand the damage of brick masonry buildings under the impact of boulders, a “block-joint” model is developed using threedimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3-D DDA) to simulate the behaviour of the “brick-mortar” structure. The “block-joint” model is used to capture not only the large displacement and deformation of individual bricks but also the large-scale sliding and opening along the mortar between the bricks. The linear elastic constitutive model is applied to account for the non-plastic deformation behaviour of brick materials. Furthermore, the mechanical characteristics of the mortar are represented using the Mohr-Coulomb and Drucker-Prager criteria. To propose safe structural design schemes and effective reinforcement for brick masonry buildings, seven construction techniques are considered, including different grades of brick and mortar, effective shear areas and reinforced members. The proposed 3-D DDA model is used to analyse the velocity distribution and the key point displacements of the brick masonry building under the impact of boulders. The results show that upgrading the brick and mortar, increasing the wall thickness, making full use of the wall thickness, and adding a circular beam and structural column are very effective approaches for improving the impact resistance of brick masonry buildings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baraldi D, Cecchi A (2017) A full 3D rigid block model for the collapse behavior of masonry walls. European Journal of Mechanics-A/Solids 64: 11–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. euromechsol.2017.01.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiou YJ, Tzeng JC, Liou YW (1999) Experiment and analytical study of masonry infilled frames. Journal of Structure Engineering 125(10): 1109–1117. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:10(1109)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doolin DM, Sitar N (2004) Time integration in discontinuous deformation analysis. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 130(3): 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2004)130:3(249)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furukawa A, Ohta Y (2009) Failure process of masonry buildings during earthquake and associated casualty risk evaluation. Natural Hazards 49(1): 25–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9275-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GB50003-2011 (2011) Code for Design of Masonry Structures, Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development, China. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Godio M, Stefanou I, Sab K (2017) Effects of the dilatancy of joints and of the size of the building blocks on the mechanical behavior of masonry structures. Meccanica: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-017-0688-z

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P, Ghigh S (2004) Rockfall hazard and rick assessment along a transportation corridor in the Nera Valley, Central Italy. Environmental Management 34(2): 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0021-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu GS, Chen NS, Deng MF, et al. (2011) Analysis of the characteristics of impact force of massive stones of the Sanyanyu Debris Flow Gully in Zhouqu, Gansu Province. Earth and Environment 39(4): 478–484. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.14050/j.cnki.1672-9250.2011.04.006

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu KH, Cui P, Ge YG (2012) Building destructive patterns by August 8, 2010 Debris Flow in Zhouqu, Western China. Journal of Mountain Science 30(4): 484–490. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.2012.04.015

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu T, Huang RQ (2017) A catastrophic debris flow in the Wenchuan Earthquake area, July 2013: characteristics, formation, and risk reduction. Journal of Mountain Science 14(1): 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1007//s11629-016-3965-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang B, Akenjiang T, Hu D (2015) Influence of masonry bond patterns on the material properties. Building Science 31(1): 33–37. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.13614/j.cnki.11-1962/tu.2015.01.007

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang RQ (2009) Mechanism and geomechanical modes of landslide hazards triggered by Wenchuan 8.0 Earthquake. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 28(6): 1240–1249. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2009.06.021

    Google Scholar 

  • Hungr O, Leroueil S, Picarelli L (2014) The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update. Landslides 11(2): 167–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-013-0436-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang HY, Wang LZ, Li LL, et al. (2013) Safety evaluation of an ancient masonry seawall structure with modified DDA method. Computers and Geotechnics 55: 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.09.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang QH (2000) Research on three dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis method. Wuhan Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China. (In Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang QH, Yang WZ Yang, Wu YM, Sun N (2002) Study of frictional contact problems in 3D discontinuous deformation analysis method. Chinese Journal of Rock and Mechanics and Engineering 21(s2): 2418–2421. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn: 1000-6915.2002.z2.028

    Google Scholar 

  • Jing L (1998) Formulation of discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA)—an implicit discrete element model for block systems. Engineering Geology 85(3–4): 317–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(97)00069-0

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaidi S, Ouahsine A, Sergent P, et al. (2012) Discontinuous Deformation Analysis to assess the tability of rockfill dams under seismicloading. Comptes Rendus Mecanique 340: 731–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crme.2012.10.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei Y, Cui P, Jiang XG (2016) Failure mechanism and structure optimization of masonry building due to debris flow impact. Journal of Sichuan University (Engineering Science Edition) 48(4): 61–69. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.15961/j.jsuese.2016.04.009

    Google Scholar 

  • Li PZ, Gao Y, Guo MJ (2015) Research status and development trend of debris-flow impact force. Structural Engineers 31(1): 200–206. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-0159.2015.01.031

    Google Scholar 

  • Li PZ, Li J, Li TZH (2017) The failure mechanism of masonry structure under debris flow impact. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition) 45(7): 1–5,29. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.13245/j.hust.170701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Ye YM, Liu CS (2007) ANSYS civil engineering applications. Beijing: Chinese water resources and hydropower press. pp 185–187. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li YM, Han J, Liu LP (2006) Application of ANSYS to finite element analysis for nonlinear masonry structures. Journal of Chonqing Jianzhu University 28(5): 90–96. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.11835/j.issn.1674-4764.2006.05.022

    Google Scholar 

  • Li ZJ, Chen GQ, Liu SG, et al. (2017) Major effects of control parameters on kinetic characteristic analysis in 3-D DDA. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 22(1): 131–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu LP, Tang DX (2004) Constitutive modeling for unreinforced masonry materials. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology 36(9): 1256–1259. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0367-6234.2004.09.030

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo X (2011) Masonry structure building and its strengthening in suburban town of China. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology. pp 1-3. (In Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mavrouli O, Giannopoulos PG, Carbonell JM, et al. (2016) Damage analysis of masonry structures subjected to rockfalls. Landslides 14(3): 891–904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0765-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meng YM, Chen G, Guo P, et al. (2013) Research of landslides and debris flows in Bailong River Basin: process and prospect. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology 33(4): 1–15. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1140.2013.04001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ni NH, Li ZL, Tie YB, et al. (2014) Formation condition, disaster characteristics and developing trend analysis on debris flows in Moxi river basin, SW China. Landslide Science for a Safer Geoenvironment 3: 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04996-0_2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ning YJ, Yang Z, Wei B, et al. (2016) Advances in twodimensional discontinuous deformation analysis for rockmass dynamics. International Journal of Geomechanics 17(5): e6016001. https://doi.org/10.1061(ASCE)GM.1943-5622. 0000654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozhan HB, Cagatay IH (2014) Mechanical Behavior of Brick Masonry Panels Under Uniaxial Compression. Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures 9(4): 385–395. https://doi.org/10.2140/jomms.2014.9.385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Aparicio JL, Bravo R, Ortiz P (2013) Refined element discontinuous numerical analysis of dry-contact masonry arches. Engineering Structures 48: 578–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.09.027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes E, Casati MJ, Galvez JC (2008) Cohesive crack mode for mixed model fracture of brick masonry. International Journal of Fracture 151(1): 29–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-008-9243-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzi E, Rusconi F, Cocchetti G (2014) Analytical and numerical DDA analysis on the collapse mode of circular masonry arches. Engineering Structures 60: 241–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.12.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt ME, Cheng L (2009) Impact response of externally strengthened unreinforced masonry walls using CFRP. Journal of Composites for Construction 13(4): 252–261. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi GH (1988) Discontinuous deformation analysis: A new numerical model for the statics and dynamics of block systems. Berkeley: Department of Civil Engineering, University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi GH (2001) Three dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Analysis of Discontinuous Deformation. Scotland; 6-8 June. pp 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi GH (2015) Contact theory. Science China Technological Science 58(5): 1450–1496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-015-5814-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang C, Renger N, Asch TWJV, et al. (2011) Triggered conditions and depositional characteristics of a disastrous debris flow event in Zhouqu city, Gansu Province, northwestern China. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11(11): 2903–2912. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2903-2011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JZ, Heath A, Walker P (2013) Numerical analysis of triplet shear test on brickwork masonry. Advanced Materical Research 831: 437–441. https://doi.org/10.4028/www. scientific.net/AMR.831.437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang W, Zhang H, Zheng L, Zhang YB, et al. (2017) A new approach for modeling landslide movement over 3D topography using 3D discontinuous deformation analysis. Computers and Geotechnics 81: 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.07.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang XL, Ma XT (2013) Whole process of dynamic response of damaged reticulated structure shell under impact load. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 30(3): 14–19. (In Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu Q (2009) Main types and characteristics of the geo-hazards triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake. Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation 20(2): 86–93. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-4362.2009.02.019

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu B, Ma Y, Wu Y (2013) Case study of a giant debris flow in the Wenjia Gully, Sichuan Province, China. Natural Hazards 65(1): 835–849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0395-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Chen GQ, Zheng L, et al. (2015) Detection of contacts between three-dimensional polyhedral blocks for discontinuous deformation analysis. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science 78: 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.05.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Liu SG, Chen GQ, et al. (2016a) Extension of three dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis to frictional cohesive materials. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 86: 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.03.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Liu SG, Han Z, et al. (2016b) A new algorithm to identify contact types between arbitrarily shaped polyhedral blocks for three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis. Computers and Geotechnics 80: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.06.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Liu SG, Wang W, et al. (2016c) A new DDA model for kinematic analyses of rockslide on complex 3-D terrain. Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0971-6

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Liu SG, Zheng L, et al. (2016d) Extensions of edge-toedge contact model in three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis for friction analysis. Computers and Geotechnics 71: 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.09.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Wei FQ, Cui P (2005) Destruction mode simulation of reinforced masonry structure under impact of debris flow. Journal of Natural Disaster 14(5): 61–67. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-4574.2005.05.011

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China

    Shu-guang Liu, Zhu-jun Li, Hong Zhang, Wei Wu, Gui-hui Zhong & Sha Lou

  2. Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200092, China

    Zhu-jun Li

Authors
  1. Shu-guang Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhu-jun Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hong Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wei Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Gui-hui Zhong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sha Lou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Hong Zhang or Wei Wu.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liu, Sg., Li, Zj., Zhang, H. et al. A 3-D DDA damage analysis of brick masonry buildings under the impact of boulders in mountainous areas. J. Mt. Sci. 15, 657–671 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4453-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4453-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation